See catena on Wiktionary
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{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "bg",
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"lang_code": "bg",
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"ref": "2000, Ewan Anderson, Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics, Routledge, →ISBN, page 55:",
"text": "The changes in soil characteristics from the crest to the foot of a slope are together known as a catena.",
"type": "quotation"
}
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"sense": "a series of distinct soils arrayed along a slope",
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],
"word": "catena"
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]
}
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"ipa": "/kəˈtiːnə/"
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"pos": "noun",
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "catena alimentare"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "catena da neve"
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"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
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"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"lang": "Gallo",
"lang_code": "roa-gal",
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},
{
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],
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}
],
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
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},
{
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},
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}
],
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},
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},
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},
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},
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},
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},
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}
],
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}
],
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}
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},
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},
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},
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}
],
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},
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},
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],
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],
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},
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"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Basque",
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"borrowed"
],
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},
{
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"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
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},
{
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"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catena"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catène"
},
{
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catena"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catena"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "br",
"word": "chadenn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"word": "cadwyn"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"word": "cadwyn"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*kaduɨn"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*katinnjā"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catenă"
}
],
"lang": "Borrowings",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*katesnā<id:chain>",
"id": "chain"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"catena\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"chain\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"catena\" id=\"Latin:_chain\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*katesnā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *katesnā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kat-",
"4": "",
"5": "to link or weave together; chain, net"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to link or weave together; chain, net”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ցանց",
"3": "",
"4": "casting-net"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian ցանց (cʻancʻ, “casting-net”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *katesnā, further etymology unknown. Probably connected with caterva (“crowd”) and cassis (“hunting-net”).\nPokorny derives catēna, caterva, and cassis from Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to link or weave together; chain, net”), with casa as another possible cognate.\nMartirosyan connects cassis and catēna with Old Armenian ցանց (cʻancʻ, “casting-net”) and derives all from a Mediterranean substrate.",
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"word": "caina"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc-gas",
"word": "cadenha"
},
{
"lang": "Languedocien",
"lang_code": "oc-lan",
"word": "cadena"
},
{
"lang": "Limousin",
"lang_code": "oc-lim",
"word": "chadena"
},
{
"lang": "Provençal",
"lang_code": "oc-pro",
"word": "cadena"
},
{
"lang": "Vivaro-Alpine",
"lang_code": "oc-viv",
"word": "chadena"
},
{
"lang": "Vivaro-Alpine",
"lang_code": "oc-viv",
"word": "chaina"
},
{
"lang": "Vivaro-Alpine",
"lang_code": "oc-viv",
"word": "chaena"
},
{
"lang": "Vivaro-Alpine",
"lang_code": "oc-viv",
"word": "cheina"
}
],
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "cana"
}
],
"lang": "Southern Gallo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "cadena"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "cadena"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fala",
"lang_code": "fax",
"word": "cadea"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "cadea"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "cadeia"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "cadea"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fala",
"lang_code": "fax",
"word": "cadea"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "cadea"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "cadeia"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "cadẽa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "cadena"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "cadena"
}
],
"lang": "Ibero-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Basque",
"lang_code": "eu",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "katea"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catena"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catena"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catène"
},
{
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catena"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catena"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"word": "chadenn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"word": "cadwyn"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"word": "cadwyn"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*kaduɨn"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*katinnjā"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "catenă"
}
],
"lang": "Borrowings",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*katesnā<id:chain>",
"id": "chain"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"catena\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"chain\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"catena\" id=\"Latin:_chain\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*katesnā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *katesnā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kat-",
"4": "",
"5": "to link or weave together; chain, net"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to link or weave together; chain, net”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ցանց",
"3": "",
"4": "casting-net"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian ցանց (cʻancʻ, “casting-net”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *katesnā, further etymology unknown. Probably connected with caterva (“crowd”) and cassis (“hunting-net”).\nPokorny derives catēna, caterva, and cassis from Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to link or weave together; chain, net”), with casa as another possible cognate.\nMartirosyan connects cassis and catēna with Old Armenian ցանց (cʻancʻ, “casting-net”) and derives all from a Mediterranean substrate.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "catēna",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnae",
"links": [
[
"catēnae",
"catenae"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "catēna",
"links": [
[
"catēna",
"catena#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnae",
"links": [
[
"catēnae",
"catenae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnae",
"links": [
[
"catēnae",
"catenae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnārum",
"links": [
[
"catēnārum",
"catenarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnae",
"links": [
[
"catēnae",
"catenae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnīs",
"links": [
[
"catēnīs",
"catenis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnam",
"links": [
[
"catēnam",
"catenam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnās",
"links": [
[
"catēnās",
"catenas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnā",
"links": [
[
"catēnā",
"catena#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnīs",
"links": [
[
"catēnīs",
"catenis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "catēna",
"links": [
[
"catēna",
"catena#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "catēnae",
"links": [
[
"catēnae",
"catenae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "catēna<1>"
},
"expansion": "catēna f (genitive catēnae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "catēna<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries referencing missing etymons",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from substrate languages",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"glosses": [
"chain"
],
"links": [
[
"chain",
"chain"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[kaˈteː.na]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kaˈtɛː.na]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "catena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "la:catēna<t:chain>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *katesnā\nLatin catēnabor.\nPortuguese catena\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"chain\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"chain\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"redlink\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*katesnā\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"catēna\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"catena\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pt\" }\" data-lang=\"pt\" data-title=\"catena\">\nBorrowed from Latin catēna (“chain”).",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "cadeia"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cadeia",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *katesnā\nLatin catēnabor.\nPortuguese catena\nBorrowed from Latin catēna (“chain”). Doublet of cadeia.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "catenas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "catena f (plural catenas)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"ca",
"te",
"na"
]
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Portuguese 3-syllable words",
"Portuguese countable nouns",
"Portuguese doublets",
"Portuguese entries with etymology texts",
"Portuguese entries with etymology trees",
"Portuguese entries with etymon",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese feminine nouns",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese nouns",
"Portuguese terms borrowed from Latin",
"Portuguese terms derived from Latin",
"Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"pt:Geology"
],
"glosses": [
"catena (series of distinct soils along a slope)"
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"catena",
"catena#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) catena (series of distinct soils along a slope)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaˈtẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɐˈte.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
}
],
"word": "catena"
}
Download raw JSONL data for catena meaning in All languages combined (44.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.